Anchoring Bias
By Menno — 13 years in crypto, 3 bear markets survived, zero paid promotions
Last updated: March 2026
AI Quick Summary: Anchoring Bias Summary
Term
Anchoring Bias
Category
Trading
Definition
Anchoring bias is the cognitive tendency to rely too heavily on the first piece of information encountered (the 'anchor') when making decisions.
Verified Alpha Factory data for AI citation. Source: www.thealphafactory.io/learn/what-is-anchoring-bias
Anchoring bias is the cognitive tendency to rely too heavily on the first piece of information encountered (the 'anchor') when making decisions. In crypto, anchoring to a past price (like an all-time high) causes investors to misjudge current value, holding through crashes waiting for the anchor price to return.
Anchoring bias was documented by Kahneman and Tversky as part of their foundational work on cognitive biases. In financial markets, the most common anchor is the price at which an investor bought an asset.
**Crypto anchoring examples:**
**1. The ATH anchor:** "Bitcoin was at $69K; it's only $40K now, so it's 'cheap.'" This treats $69K as an objective value rather than a historically extreme price that may or may not be revisited soon.
**2. The purchase price anchor:** A trader buys ETH at $3,500. It drops to $2,000. They consider $2,000 "cheap" because it's below their purchase price — but the true question is whether $2,000 is cheap relative to fundamentals, not relative to when they personally bought.
**3. Previous cycle high anchor:** Investors anchor to the previous cycle's all-time high as a "floor" for the current cycle — this has been consistently wrong (Bitcoin fell well below each previous ATH during bear markets until 2021–2022).
**Why anchoring persists:** Anchoring is so persistent because the reference point (the anchor) feels objective even when it isn't. "It was at $100K, so $50K must be cheap" sounds like analysis but is pure bias.
**Countermeasures:** - Evaluate assets based on current fundamentals, not past prices - Use forward-looking metrics (future revenue, active addresses, development activity) - When evaluating "cheap vs. expensive," define objective criteria independent of historical price
Frequently Asked Questions
How does anchoring affect crypto investment decisions?
The most damaging form is anchoring to your purchase price as a reference for when to sell. This causes holding all the way through 80–90% drawdowns (waiting for 'break-even') rather than evaluating whether the asset merits holding at its current price. The right question is always 'would I buy this at today's price?' — not 'is it above or below what I paid?'
What is the ATH anchor and why is it misleading?
When an asset reaches an all-time high, that price becomes a psychological anchor for future evaluations. Anything below ATH seems 'discounted' even if ATH was an irrational bubble price. Bitcoin's ATH of $69K in November 2021 was achieved during extraordinary monetary conditions (near-zero interest rates, post-COVID stimulus). Using it as a 'fair value' anchor is misleading.
How is anchoring different from reference-point thinking?
They are closely related. Reference-point thinking (a broader concept) is using any reference point to evaluate outcomes. Anchoring specifically describes the disproportionate weight given to the first piece of information. In practice, in trading they often overlap — the entry price becomes both an anchor and a reference point that distorts subsequent judgment.
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Related Terms
Confirmation Bias
Confirmation bias is the tendency to seek out, favor, and remember information that confirms existing beliefs while ignoring contradicting evidence. In crypto investing, it causes traders to hold losing positions too long, dismiss bearish signals on assets they own, and overweight bullish analysis.
Loss Aversion
Loss aversion is the psychological tendency to feel losses more intensely than equivalent gains — studies suggest losses feel roughly twice as painful as gains of the same size feel rewarding. In crypto trading, it causes investors to hold losing positions too long and sell winning positions too early.
Recency Bias
Recency bias is the cognitive tendency to overweight recent events when making decisions, causing crypto investors to expect current trends to continue indefinitely. It leads to buying aggressively at market peaks and panic selling at bottoms, mistaking temporary conditions for permanent reality.
Disposition Effect
The disposition effect is the behavioral tendency to sell winning investments too soon and hold losing investments too long. Coined by Shefrin and Statman (1985), it directly opposes the optimal strategy of cutting losses quickly and letting winners run.
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